Who Is the Head of the House of Representatives

Presiding officeholder of the United States House of Representatives

The speaker of the United States House of Representatives, commonly known equally the speaker of the House, is the presiding officer of the United States Business firm of Representatives. The role was established in 1789 by Article I, Section 2 of the U.S. Constitution. The speaker is the political and parliamentary leader of the House of Representatives and is simultaneously the Firm's presiding officer, de facto leader of the trunk's majority party, and the institution's authoritative caput. Speakers also perform diverse other administrative and procedural functions. Given these several roles and responsibilities, the speaker usually does not personally preside over debates. That duty is instead delegated to members of the Firm from the majority party. Neither does the speaker regularly participate in flooring debates.

The Constitution does not require the speaker to exist an incumbent fellow member of the Firm of Representatives, although every speaker thus far has been.^[4] The speaker is second in the United States presidential line of succession, after the vice president and ahead of the presidentpro tempore of the Senate.^[two]

The current Business firm speaker is Democrat Nancy Pelosi of California. She was elected to a fourth (second consecutive) term every bit speaker on January 3, 2021, the first 24-hour interval of the 117th Congress. She has led the Democratic Party in the Business firm since 2003, and is the first woman to serve equally speaker.^[five]

Selection

The House elects its speaker at the beginning of a new Congress (i.e. biennially, after a general election) or when a speaker dies, resigns or is removed from the position intra-term. Since 1839, the Firm has elected speakers by curlicue call vote.^[6] Traditionally, each political party'southward caucus or conference selects a candidate for the speakership from amid its senior leaders prior to the gyre call. Representatives are non restricted to voting for the candidate nominated past their party, but generally do, as the outcome of the ballot effectively determines which party has the bulk and consequently will organize the House.^[7] As the Constitution does not explicitly state that the speaker must be an incumbent member of the Firm, it is permissible for representatives to vote for someone who is not a member of the House at the time, and non-members take received a few votes in various speaker elections over the past several years.^[8] Every person elected speaker, nevertheless, has been a member.^[7]

Representatives who choose to vote for someone other than their political party'southward nominated candidate usually vote for someone else in their party or vote "present". Anyone who votes for the other party'south candidate would face serious consequences, equally was the case when Democrat Jim Traficant voted for Republican Dennis Hastert in 2001 (107th Congress). In response, the Democrats stripped him of his seniority and he lost all of his committee posts.^[9]

To be elected speaker, a candidate must receive a bulk of the votes cast. If no candidate wins a majority, the whorl call is repeated until a speaker is elected.^[7] Multiple scroll calls have been necessary only 14 times (out of 126 speakership elections) since 1789; and non since 1923 (68th Congress), when a closely divided Business firm needed nine ballots to elect Frederick H. Gillett speaker.^[ane] Upon winning election the new speaker is immediately sworn in by the dean of the United States House of Representatives, the sleeping room's longest-serving member.^{[x] [11]}

History

Henry Clay (1811–1814, 1815–1820, 1823–1825) used his influence equally speaker to ensure the passage of measures he favored

The offset speaker of the House, Frederick Muhlenberg of Pennsylvania, was elected to office on April ane, 1789, the day the Business firm organized itself at the start of the 1st Congress. He served two non-consecutive terms in the speaker'due south chair, 1789–1791 (1st Congress) and 1793–1795 (3rd Congress).^[12]

As the Constitution does not land the duties of the speaker, the speaker's office has largely been shaped by traditions and community that evolved over time. Scholars are divided as to whether early speakers played largely formalism and impartial roles or whether they were more active partisan actors.^[thirteen]

From early on in its existence, the speaker's primary role had been to continue lodge and enforce rules. The speakership was transformed into a position with ability over the legislative procedure nether Henry Clay (1811–1814, 1815–1820, and 1823–1825).^{[xiv] [15]} In dissimilarity to many of his predecessors, Clay participated in several debates and used his influence to procure the passage of measures he supported—for instance, the announcement of the War of 1812, and diverse laws relating to Clay's "American Organization" economical plan. Furthermore, when no candidate received an Balloter College majority in the 1824 presidential ballot, causing the president to be elected by the House, Speaker Clay threw his support to John Quincy Adams instead of Andrew Jackson, thereby ensuring Adams' victory. Following Clay's retirement in 1825, the ability of the speakership again began to decline, despite speakership elections condign increasingly bitter. Every bit the Civil War approached, several sectional factions nominated their own candidates, oft making information technology difficult for any candidate to reach a majority. In 1855 and once again in 1859, for case, the contest for speaker lasted for two months before the Business firm achieved a upshot. Speakers tended to have very brusk tenures during this menses. For example, from 1839 to 1863 there were eleven speakers, but one of whom served for more one term. To date, James K. Polk is the merely speaker of the House who was later on elected president of the United States.

Towards the finish of the 19th century, the office of speaker began to develop into a very powerful one. At the time, one of the most important sources of the speaker'due south power was his position as Chairman of the Committee on Rules, which, afterward the reorganization of the commission system in 1880, became i of the most powerful standing committees of the Business firm. Furthermore, several speakers became leading figures in their political parties; examples include Democrats Samuel J. Randall, John Griffin Carlisle, and Charles F. Crisp, and Republicans James Grand. Blaine, Thomas Brackett Reed, and Joseph Gurney Cannon.

The ability of the speaker was greatly augmented during the tenure of the Republican Thomas Brackett Reed (1889–1891, 1895–1899). "Czar Reed", as he was called by his opponents,^[xvi] sought to terminate the obstruction of bills by the minority, in detail by countering the tactic known as the "disappearing quorum".^[17] By refusing to vote on a motion, the minority could ensure that a quorum would not be accomplished and that the result would be invalid. Reed, however, declared that members who were in the sleeping room only refused to vote would still count for the purposes of determining a quorum. Through these and other rulings, Reed ensured that the Democrats could not cake the Republican calendar.

The speakership reached its apogee during the term of Republican Joseph Gurney Cannon (1903–1911). Cannon exercised extraordinary command over the legislative procedure. He determined the agenda of the House, appointed the members of all committees, chose committee chairmen, headed the Rules Committee, and determined which committee heard each nib. He vigorously used his powers to ensure that Republican proposals were passed past the House. In 1910, nonetheless, Democrats and several dissatisfied Republicans joined together to strip Cannon of many of his powers, including the power to name committee members and his chairmanship of the Rules Committee.^[eighteen] Fifteen years later, Speaker Nicholas Longworth restored much, but not all, of the lost influence of the position.

Sam Rayburn (1940–1947; 1949–1953; and 1955–1961) was the longest serving speaker

One of the most influential speakers in history was Democrat Sam Rayburn.^[19] Rayburn had the most cumulative time as speaker in history, belongings office from 1940 to 1947, 1949 to 1953, and 1955 to 1961. He helped shape many bills, working quietly in the background with House committees. He also helped ensure the passage of several domestic measures and foreign assistance programs advocated by Presidents Franklin D. Roosevelt and Harry Truman.

Rayburn's successor, Democrat John W. McCormack (served 1962–1971), was a somewhat less influential speaker, especially because of dissent from younger members of the Autonomous Party. During the mid-1970s, the power of the speakership once again grew under Democrat Carl Albert. The Committee on Rules ceased to be a semi-independent panel, equally it had been since 1910. Instead, information technology in one case again became an arm of the party leadership. Moreover, in 1975, the speaker was granted the potency to engage a majority of the members of the Rules Commission. Meanwhile, the ability of committee chairmen was curtailed, farther increasing the relative influence of the speaker.

Albert's successor, Democrat Tip O'Neill, was a prominent speaker because of his public opposition to the policies of President Ronald Reagan. O'Neill is the longest continually serving speaker, from 1977 through 1987. He challenged Reagan on domestic programs and on defense force expenditures. Republicans made O'Neill the target of their election campaigns in 1980 and 1982 only Democrats managed to retain their majorities in both years.

The roles of the parties reversed in 1994 when, after spending 40 years in the minority, the Republicans regained control of the Business firm with the "Contract with America", an idea spearheaded past Minority Whip Newt Gingrich. Speaker Gingrich would regularly disharmonism with Democratic President Bill Clinton, leading to the United States federal government shutdown of 1995 and 1996, in which Clinton was largely seen to have prevailed. Gingrich's hold on the leadership was weakened significantly by that and several other controversies, and he faced a caucus revolt in 1997. After the Republicans lost House seats in 1998 (although retaining a majority) he did non stand for a third term as speaker. His successor, Dennis Hastert, had been chosen as a compromise candidate since the other Republicans in the leadership were more than controversial. Hastert played a much less prominent role than other contemporary speakers, existence overshadowed past Firm Majority Leader Tom DeLay and President George Westward. Bush. The Republicans came out of the 2000 elections with a further reduced majority only made small gains in 2002 and 2004. The periods of 2001–2002 and 2003–2007 were the offset times since 1953–1955 that there was unmarried-party Republican leadership in Washington, interrupted from 2001 to 2003 as Senator Jim Jeffords of Vermont left the Republican Political party to become independent and caucused with Senate Democrats to give them a 51–49 bulk.

In the 2006 midterm elections, the Democrats won a bulk in the House. Nancy Pelosi became speaker when the 110th Congress convened on January four, 2007, making her the offset adult female to hold the role. With the ballot of Barack Obama as president and Democratic gains in both houses of Congress, Pelosi became the offset speaker since Tom Foley to concur the office during single-party Autonomous leadership in Washington.^[20] During the 111th Congress, Pelosi was the driving force behind several of Obama's major initiatives that proved controversial, and the Republicans campaigned confronting the Democrats' legislation by staging a "Burn Pelosi" bus tour^[21] and regained command of the House in the 2010 midterm elections.^[22]

John Boehner was elected speaker when the 112th Congress convened on January 5, 2011, and was subsequently re-elected twice, at the outset of the 113th and 114th Congresses. On both of those occasions his remaining in office was threatened past the defection of several members from his ain political party who chose not to vote for him.^{[23] [24]} Boehner'south tenure as speaker, which ended when he resigned from Congress in Oct 2015, was marked by multiple battles with the conservatives in his ain party related to "Obama Care," appropriations, among other political issues.^[25] This intra-party discord continued nether Boehner's successor, Paul Ryan.

Following the 2018 midterm elections which saw the ballot of a Democratic Political party majority in the House of Representatives, Nancy Pelosi was elected speaker when the 116th Congress convened on January 3, 2019. When Republican leader John Boehner succeeded her as speaker in 2011, Pelosi remained the leader of the Democratic Party in the Firm of Representatives and served as House minority leader for viii years before she led her party to victory in the 2022 elections. In addition to being the starting time woman to concur the office, Pelosi became the commencement speaker to render to ability since Sam Rayburn in the 1950s.^[26]

Notable elections

Speaker Nancy Pelosi (right) with Vice President Dick Cheney behind President George W. Bush at the 2007 Land of the Union Address making history every bit the commencement woman to sit behind the podium at such an accost. President Bush-league best-selling this by beginning his oral communication with the words, "This night, I have a high privilege and distinct laurels of my ain — equally the first president to begin the State of the Spousal relationship message with these words: Madam Speaker".^[27]

Historically, in that location have been several controversial elections to the speakership, such every bit the contest of 1839. In that case, fifty-fifty though the 26th United States Congress convened on December 2, the Business firm could non brainstorm the speakership election until December 14 considering of an election dispute in New Bailiwick of jersey known as the "Wide Seal War". Two rival delegations, one Whig and the other Democrat, had been certified equally elected by different branches of the New Jersey government. The problem was compounded by the fact that the result of the dispute would make up one's mind whether the Whigs or the Democrats held the bulk. Neither party agreed to let a speakership election with the contrary party's delegation participating. Finally, information technology was agreed to exclude both delegations from the election and a speaker was finally chosen on December 17.

Another, more than prolonged fight occurred in 1855 in the 34th United States Congress. The old Whig Party had collapsed but no single party had emerged to replace it. Candidates opposing the Democrats had run under a bewildering variety of labels, including Whig, Republican, American (Know Null), and simply "Opposition". By the time Congress actually met in Dec 1855, almost of the northerners were concentrated together as Republicans, while about of the southerners and a few northerners used the American or Know Nothing characterization. Opponents of the Democrats held a bulk in House, with the party makeup of the 234 representatives being 83 Democrats, 108 Republicans, and 43 Know Nothings (primarily southern oppositionists). The Democratic minority nominated William Alexander Richardson of Illinois every bit speaker, but because of sectional distrust, the diverse oppositionists were unable to agree on a single candidate for speaker. The Republicans supported Nathaniel Prentice Banks of Massachusetts, who had been elected as a Know Nix just was now largely identified with the Republicans. The southern Know Nothings supported showtime Humphrey Marshall of Kentucky, and and so Henry M. Fuller of Pennsylvania. The voting went on for almost two months with no candidate able to secure a majority, until it was finally agreed to elect the speaker by plurality vote, and Banks was elected.^[28] The Firm institute itself in a similar dilemma when the 36th Congress met in Dec 1859. Although the Republicans held a plurality, the Republican candidate, John Sherman, was unacceptable to southern oppositionists due to his anti-slavery views, and once over again the House was unable to elect a speaker. After Democrats allied with southern oppositionists to virtually elect the North Carolina oppositionist William Northward. H. Smith, Sherman finally withdrew in favor of compromise candidate William Pennington of New Jersey, a former Whig of unclear partisan loyalties, who was finally elected speaker on Feb 1, 1860.^[29]

The last fourth dimension that an election for speaker went across one ballot was in Dec 1923 at the start of the 68th Congress, when Republican Frederick H. Gillett needed ix ballots to win reelection. Progressive Republicans had refused to support Gillett in the first eight ballots. Only later winning concessions from Republican conference leaders (a seat on the House Rules Committee and a pledge that requested House rules changes would be considered) did they agree to support him.^{[thirty] [31]}

In 1997, several Republican congressional leaders tried to force Speaker Newt Gingrich to resign. Withal, Gingrich refused since that would have required a new election for speaker, which could take led to Democrats forth with dissenting Republicans voting for Democrat Dick Gephardt (and so minority leader) as speaker. After the 1998 midterm elections where the Republicans lost seats, Gingrich did not stand up for re-election. The adjacent two figures in the House Republican leadership hierarchy, Majority Leader Richard Armey and Bulk Whip Tom Delay chose not to run for the office. The chairman of the House Appropriations Committee, Bob Livingston, alleged his bid for the speakership, which was unopposed, making him speaker-designate. Information technology was and so revealed, past Livingston himself, who had been publicly critical of President Neb Clinton's perjury during his sexual harassment trial, that he had engaged in an extramarital affair. He opted to resign from the Firm, despite existence urged to stay on by Business firm Autonomous leader Gephardt. After, the chief deputy whip Dennis Hastert was selected as speaker. The Republicans retained their majorities in the 2000, 2002, and 2004 elections.

The Democrats won a majority of seats in the 2006 midterm elections. On November sixteen, 2006, Nancy Pelosi, who was then minority leader, was selected every bit speaker-designate by House Democrats.^[32] When the 110th Congress convened on Jan 4, 2007, she was elected as the 52nd speaker by a vote of 233–202, condign the starting time woman elected speaker of the House.^[33] Pelosi remained speaker through the 111th Congress.

Most recent election for speaker (2021)

The most recent election for House speaker took place Jan three, 2021, on the opening 24-hour interval of the 117th United States Congress, two months after the 2020 House elections in which the Democrats won a majority of the seats. Incumbent speaker, Democrat Nancy Pelosi, secured a narrow majority of the 427 votes cast and was elected to a fourth (second consecutive) term. She received 216 votes to Republican Kevin McCarthy'southward 209 votes, with 2 votes going to other persons; too, 3 representatives answered present when their names were called.^[34]

Partisan part

Paul Ryan taking the oath of office upon becoming speaker on October 29, 2015

The Constitution does not spell out the political role of the speaker. As the part has developed historically, however, it has taken on a clearly partisan cast, very different from the speakership of nearly Westminster-style legislatures, such equally the speaker of the United Kingdom's Business firm of Commons, which is meant to be scrupulously non-partisan. The speaker in the United States, past tradition, is the caput of the bulk political party in the House of Representatives, outranking the majority leader. Still, despite having the correct to vote, the speaker unremarkably does non participate in debate.

The speaker is responsible for ensuring that the Business firm passes legislation supported by the majority party. In pursuing this goal, the speaker may utilise their power to determine when each bill reaches the floor. They also chair the majority party'south steering committee in the House. While the speaker is the functioning head of the Business firm bulk political party, the same is not truthful of the president pro tempore of the Senate, whose part is primarily ceremonial and honorary.

When the speaker and the president vest to the aforementioned political party, the speaker tends to play the part in a more ceremonial light, as seen when Dennis Hastert played a very restrained role during the presidency of beau Republican George W. Bush. Nevertheless, when the speaker and the president belong to the aforementioned party, there are likewise times that the speaker plays a much larger role, and the speaker is tasked, e.m., with pushing through the agenda of the majority party, oft at the expense of the minority opposition. This can be seen, nearly of all, in the speakership of Democratic-Republican Henry Dirt, who personally ensured the presidential victory of fellow Democratic-Republican John Quincy Adams. Democrat Sam Rayburn was a fundamental player in the passing of New Deal legislation under the presidency of beau Democrat Franklin Delano Roosevelt. Republican Joseph Gurney Cannon (nether Theodore Roosevelt) was especially infamous for his marginalization of the minority Democrats and centralizing of authority to the speakership. In more recent times, Speaker Nancy Pelosi played a function in continuing the push for wellness care reform during the presidency of fellow Democrat Barack Obama.^[35]

On the other hand, when the speaker and the president belong to opposite parties, the public role and influence of the speaker tend to increase. As the highest-ranking member of the opposition political party (and de facto leader of the opposition), the speaker is normally the chief public opponent of the president's calendar. In this scenario, the speaker is known for undercutting the president's calendar by blocking measures by the minority political party or rejecting bills past the Senate. One famous instance came in the form of Thomas Brackett Reed (under Grover Cleveland), a speaker notorious for his successful try to force the Democrats to vote on measures where the Republicans had articulate majorities, which ensured that Cleveland'south Democrats were in no position to challenge the Republicans in the House. Joseph Cannon was peculiarly unique in that he led the conservative "Old Baby-sit" fly of the Republican Political party, while his president – Theodore Roosevelt – was of the more progressive clique, and more than just marginalizing the Democrats, Cannon used his power to punish the dissidents in his political party and obstruct the progressive fly of the Republican Political party.

More modern examples include Tip O'Neill, who was a vocal opponent of President Ronald Reagan's economic and defense policies; Newt Gingrich, who fought a biting battle with President Bill Clinton for control of domestic policy; Nancy Pelosi, who argued with President George W. Bush over the Republic of iraq War;^[22] John Boehner, who clashed with President Barack Obama over budget issues and health care;^[36] and once again, Nancy Pelosi, who refused to back up Donald Trump over funding for a border wall.^[37]

Presiding officeholder

As presiding officer of the House of Representatives, the speaker holds a diverseness of powers over the House and is ceremonially the highest-ranking legislative official in the Us regime.^[38] The speaker may delegate their powers to a member of the House to act as speaker pro tempore and to preside over the Firm in the speaker'southward absence; when this has occurred the delegation has always been to a fellow member of the same party.^[39] During important debates, the speaker pro tempore is ordinarily a senior member of the majority political party who may be chosen for his or her skill in presiding. At other times, more inferior members may be assigned to preside to give them experience with the rules and procedures of the House. The speaker may also designate, with approval of the House, a speaker pro tempore for special purposes, such as designating a representative whose district is near Washington, D.C. to sign enrolled bills during long recesses.

Nether the rules of the Business firm, the speaker, "as soon as practicable afterwards the election of the speaker and whenever appropriate thereafter", must deliver to the clerk of the Firm a confidential listing of members who are designated to act every bit speaker in the case of a vacancy or physical inability of the speaker to perform their duties.^[40]

On the floor of the House, the presiding officer is e'er addressed as "Mister Speaker" or "Madam Speaker", fifty-fifty if that person is serving as speaker pro tempore. When the Business firm resolves itself into a Committee of the Whole, the speaker designates a member to preside over the committee, who is addressed every bit "Mister Chairman" or "Madam Chairwoman". To speak, members must seek the presiding officeholder'south recognition. The presiding officeholder too rules on all points of society only such rulings may be appealed to the whole House. The speaker is responsible for maintaining decorum in the House and may order the Sergeant-at-Arms to enforce House rules.

The speaker's powers and duties extend beyond presiding in the chamber. In particular, the speaker has bully influence over the commission process. The speaker selects nine of the xiii members of the powerful Committee on Rules, subject field to the approval of the unabridged majority party. The leadership of the minority party chooses the remaining iv members. Furthermore, the speaker appoints all members of select committees and conference committees. Moreover, when a bill is introduced, the speaker determines which commission will consider it. As a member of the House, the speaker is entitled to participate in fence and to vote. Normally, the speaker votes only when the speaker's vote would be decisive or on matters of great importance, such as constitutional amendments or major legislation.^[41] Nether the early rules of the House, the speaker was generally barred from voting, only today the speaker has the aforementioned right as other members to vote but only occasionally exercises it. The speaker may vote on whatsoever thing that comes before the House, and they are required to vote where their vote would be decisive or where the House is engaged in voting by ballot.^[42]

Other functions

The speaker's office in the US Capitol, during the term of Dennis Hastert (1999–2007)

In addition to beingness the political and parliamentary leader of the House of Representatives and representing their congressional commune, the speaker likewise performs diverse other administrative and procedural functions, such as:

• Oversees the officers of the House: the clerk, the sergeant-at-arms, the main administrative officer, and the chaplain;
• Serves every bit the chairperson of the House Office Building Commission;^[43]
• Appoints the House'due south parliamentarian,^[44] historian, general counsel, and inspector general;^[45]
• Administers the House audio and video dissemination system
• In consultation with the minority leader, tin devise a system of drug testing in the Business firm.^[43] This pick has never been exercised.^[46]
• Receives reports or other communications from the president, government agencies, boards, and commissions.^[43]
• Receives, along with the president pro tempore of the Senate, written declarations that a U.S. president is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office, or is able to resume them, nether Sections 3 and four of the 20-fifth Amendment.^[47]

Additionally, the speaker is second in the presidential line of succession nether the Presidential Succession Act of 1947, immediately afterwards the vice president and before the president pro tempore of the Senate (who is followed past members of the president'due south Cabinet). Thus, if both the presidency and vice-presidency were vacant simultaneously, then the speaker would become acting president, after resigning from the House and as speaker.^[48]

Ratification of the Xx-fifth Subpoena in 1967, with its mechanism for filling an intra-term vice-presidential vacancy, has made calling on the speaker, president pro tempore, or a cabinet member to serve as acting president unlikely to happen, except in the aftermath of a catastrophic event.^[48] However, only a few years later it went into outcome, in October 1973, at the meridian of Watergate, Vice President Spiro Agnew resigned. With Agnew'south unexpected deviation and the country of Richard Nixon'southward presidency, Speaker Carl Albert was of a sudden first in line to become interim president. The vacancy continued until Gerald Ford was sworn in as vice president on December 6, 1973.^[49] Albert was also adjacent in line from the fourth dimension Ford assumed the presidency on Baronial 9, 1974, following Nixon's resignation from office, until Ford'southward selection to succeed him equally vice president, Nelson Rockefeller, was confirmed by Congress iv months later.^[48]

Come across likewise

• Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives
• Party leaders of the United States Senate

References

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2. ^ ^{a b} Relyea, Harold C. (August 5, 2005). "Continuity of Regime: Current Federal Arrangements and the Time to come" (PDF). CRS Report for Congress. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service, the Library of Congress. pp. 2–4. Archived (PDF) from the original on January xiv, 2021. Retrieved January 22, 2019.
3. ^ Brudnick, Ida A. (January four, 2012). "Congressional Salaries and Allowances" (PDF). CRS Study for Congress. U.s.a. Business firm of Representatives. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 12, 2019. Retrieved December 2, 2012.
4. ^ Heitshusen, Valerie (May xvi, 2017). The Speaker of the House: Firm Officer, Political party Leader, and Representative (PDF) (Report). Congressional Research Service. p. ii. Archived (PDF) from the original on Jan xiv, 2021. Retrieved September 20, 2020. In fact, there is no requirement that the Speaker be a Member of the Business firm.
5. ^ Fram, Alan (Jan 3, 2021). "Pelosi narrowly reelected speaker, faces difficult 2021". AP News. Archived from the original on January 14, 2021. Retrieved Jan three, 2021.
6. ^ Forte, David F. "Essays on Article I: Speaker of the House". Heritage Guide to The Constitution. Heritage Foundation. Archived from the original on August 22, 2020. Retrieved Jan 11, 2019.
7. ^ ^{a b c} Heitshusen, Valerie; Beth, Richard S. (January 4, 2019). "Speakers of the House: Elections, 1913–2019" (PDF). CRS Report for Congress. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service, the Library of Congress. Archived (PDF) from the original on Jan 14, 2021. Retrieved Jan 11, 2019.
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14. ^ C. Stewart III, "Builder or tactician? Henry Clay and the institutional development of the US House of Representatives" 1998, online Archived Jan xiv, 2021, at the Wayback Machine
15. ^ "Henry Clay (1825–1829)". U.S. Presidents. Charlottesville, Virginia: Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. October 4, 2016. Archived from the original on May 10, 2021. Retrieved May 10, 2021.
16. ^ Robinson, William A. "Thomas B. Reed, Parliamentarian". The American Historical Review, October 1931. pp. 137–138.
17. ^ Oleszek, Walter J. (December 1998). "A Pre-Twentieth Century Look at the Firm Commission on Rules". U.S. House of Representatives. Archived from the original on August 25, 2005. Retrieved July 5, 2007.
18. ^ Jones, Charles O. (August 1968). "Joseph One thousand. Cannon and Howard W. Smith: An Essay on the Limits of Leadership in the House of Representatives". The Journal of Politics. 30 (3): 617–646. doi:10.2307/2128798. JSTOR 2128798. S2CID 154012153.
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20. ^ Meet Party Divisions of United States Congresses
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Bibliography

• Garraty, John, ed. American National Biography (1999) 20 volumes; contains scholarly biographies of all speakers no longer live.
• Greenish, Matthew Northward. The Speaker of the House: A Written report of Leadership (Yale University Printing; 2010) 292 pages; Examines partisan pressures and other factors that shaped the leadership of the speaker of the U.S. Business firm of Representatives; focuses on the menses since 1940.
• Grossman, Mark. Speakers of the House of Representatives (Amenia, NY: Grey House Publishing, 2009). The comprehensive work on the field of study, roofing, in depth, the lives of the speakers from Frederick Muhlenberg to Nancy Pelosi.
• Heitshusen, Valerie (November 26, 2018). "Speakers of the House: Elections, 1913–2017" (PDF). Congressional Research Service. Retrieved December eighteen, 2018.
• Remini, Robert Five. The House: the History of the House of Representatives (Smithsonian Books, 2006). The standard scholarly history.
• Rohde, David W. Parties and Leaders in the Postreform House (1991).
• Smock, Raymond Westward., and Susan Westward. Hammond, eds. Masters of the Firm: Congressional Leadership Over Ii Centuries (1998). Short biographies of key leaders.
• Zelizer. Julian Due east. ed. The American Congress: The Building of Democracy (2004). A comprehensive history by twoscore scholars.

External links

• "Capitol Questions." C-Span (2003). Notable elections and role.
• The Cannon Centenary Briefing: The Irresolute Nature of the Speakership. (2003). Firm Document 108–204. History, nature and office of the speakership.
• Congressional Quarterly's Guide to Congress, 5th ed. (2000). Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Press.
• Wilson, Woodrow. (1885). Congressional Regime. New York: Houghton Mifflin.

U.S. presidential line of succession
Preceded past Vice President Kamala Harris	2nd in line	Succeeded by President pro tempore of the Senate Patrick Leahy

This folio was last edited on 21 January 2022, at 04:14

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Source: https://wiki2.org/en/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives

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